The Caenorhabditis elegansepidermis as a model skin. II: differentiation and physiological roles

The Caenorhabditis elegansepidermis forms one of the principal barrier epithelia of the animal. Differentiation of the epidermis begins in mid embryogenesis and involves apical–basal polarization of the cytoskeletal and secretory systems as well as cellular junction formation. Secretion of the external cuticle layers is one of the major developmental and physiological specializations of the epidermal epithelium. The four post‐embryonic larval stages are separated by periodic moults, in which the epidermis generates a new cuticle with stage‐specific characteristics. The differentiated epidermis also plays key roles in endocrine signaling, fat storage, and ionic homeostasis. The epidermis is intimately associated with the development and function of the nervous system, and may have glial‐like roles in modulating neuronal function. The epidermis provides passive and active defenses against skin‐penetrating pathogens and can repair small wounds. Finally, age‐dependent deterioration of the epidermis is a prominent feature of aging and may affect organismal aging and life span. WIREs Dev Biol2012 doi: 10.1002/wdev.77 This article is categorized under: Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body PlanInvertebrate Organogenesis > Worms