Twist1 regulates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Expression of the oncogene Twist1 is correlated with tumor development and metastasis. Recent studies have suggested that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is necessary for tumor progression and metastases. Little is known concerning the role of Twist1 and EMT in thyroid cancer. In the present work, the expression levels of Twist1 and one marker of EMT, vimentin, were measured in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The results showed Twist1 expression to be correlated only with cancer lymph node metastases (P= 0.004) and not with other clinicopathological indicators. Moreover, Twist1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of vimentin (r= 0.408, P= 0.003). In vitro studies further indicated that reducing Twist1 expression using short hairpin RNA against Twist1 can decrease the invasive and metastatic properties of PTC cells and that the down-regulation of Twist1 can reverse EMT by increasing the expression of E-cadherin and down-regulating the expression of vimentin in the PTC cell line IHH-4. To investigate the effects on Twist1, the PTC cell lines TPC-1 and BCPAP were treated with TNF-α, resulting in Twist1 up-regulation that was dependent on NF-κB activation. After the inhibition of NF-κB activity with Bay11-7082, the Twist1 mRNA and protein levels could not be increased. The decline in the Twist1 mRNA and protein levels rendered the cancer cells less invasive. Thus, we conclude that Twist1 plays an important role in the EMT of PTC via the NF-κB pathway.