Kinetic Study of Littorine Rearrangement in Datura innoxia Hairy Roots by <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR Spectroscopy

The kinetics of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, particularly the isomerization of littorine into hyoscyamine, were studied by analyzing the kinetics of carbon-13 (¹³C) in metabolites of Datura innoxia hairy root cultures fed with labeled tropoyl moiety precursors. Both littorine and hyoscyamine were the major alkaloids accumulated, while scopolamine was never detected. Feeding root cultures with (RS)-phenyl[1,3-¹³C<INF>2</INF>]lactic acid led to ¹³C spin−spin coupling detected on C-1‘ and C-2‘ of the hyoscyamine skeleton, which validated the intramolecular rearrangement of littorine into hyoscyamine. Label from phenyl[1-¹³C]alanine or (RS)-phenyl[1,3-¹³C<INF>2</INF>]lactic acid was incorporated at higher levels in littorine than in hyoscyamine. Initially, the apparent hyoscyamine biosynthesized rate (v<INF>app</INF><INF></INF>hyo = 0.9 μmol ¹³C·flask^-1·d^-1) was lower than littorine formation (v<INF>app</INF><INF></INF>litto = 1.8 μmol ¹³C·flask^-1·d^-1), suggesting that the isomerization reaction could be rate limiting. The results obtained for the kinetics of littorine biosynthesis were in agreement with the role of this compound as a direct precursor of hyoscyamine biosynthesis.