Pneumothorax induced by radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma beneath the diaphragm under real-time computed tomography-fluoroscopic guidance.

Various treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beneath the diaphragm have been reported. Transpulmonary radiofrequency (TPRF) ablation for HCC beneath the diaphragm has been developed as a safe treatment, but pneumothorax has been reported as the most common complication of TPRF ablation.