Noninvasive and Invasive Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Tinnitus: An Overview

Objective: Nonpulsatile tinnitus is an auditory phantom percept characterized as a tone, or a noise‐like sound such as a hissing or buzzing sound or polyphonic, in the absence of any objective physical sound source. Although advances have been made in symptomatic pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, these treatments are unable to eliminate the tinnitus sensation in most patients. A novel approach using noninvasive and invasive neuromodulation has emerged as an interesting and promising modality for tinnitus relief.