EMANUEL SWEDENBORG (1688-1772) NATURAL SCIENTIST, NEUROPHYSIOLOGIST, THEOLOGIAN

E manuel Swedenborg, better known for his writings in theosophy than in science, was born "Swedberg," in Stockholm; however, he spent the greater portion of his early life in Uppsala where his father, a Lutheran bishop, lived in comfortable circumstances.1 Even as a youth his mind was engaged in contemplation of God, salvation, and the spiritual ills of man. After attending the university at Uppsala where he concentrated on mathematics and mining, he began the first of several extended tours of England and the Continent, studying the natural sciences, conducting experiments, and making acquaintances with the learned men of his day. His imaginative mind at various times in his life dealt with such practical subjects as the construction of submarines, airplanes, mercury air pumps, hydraulic engines, machine guns, and canals; crystallography; shifting coastlines; improvement in mining and smelting of ores; and the determination of longitude from observations of the