Contribution of BordetellaFilamentous Hemagglutinin and Adenylate Cyclase Toxin to Suppression and Evasion of Interleukin-17-Mediated Inflammation

ABSTRACTBordetella pertussisand Bordetella bronchisepticaestablish respiratory infections with notorious efficiency. Our previous studies showed that the fhaBgenes of B. pertussisand B. bronchiseptica, which encode filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), are functionally interchangeable and provided evidence that FHA-deficient B. bronchisepticainduces more inflammation in the lungs of mice than wild-type B. bronchiseptica. We show here that the robust inflammatory response to FHA-deficient B. bronchisepticais characterized by the early and sustained influx of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-positive neutrophils and macrophages and, at 72 h postinoculation, IL-17-positive CD4+T cells, suggesting that FHA allows the bacteria to suppress the development of an IL-17-mediated inflammatory response. We also show that the cyaAgenes of B. pertussisand B. bronchiseptica, which encode adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), are functionally interchangeable and that ACT, specifically its catalytic activity, is required for B. bronchisepticato resist phagocytic clearance but is neither required for nor inhibitory of the induction of inflammation if bacteria are present in numbers sufficient to persist during the first 3 days postinoculation. Incubation of bone marrow-derived macrophages with a ?cyaAstrain caused decreased production of IL-1ß and increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and IL-12, while incubation with a ?cyaA?fhaBstrain caused increased production of IL-23. These data suggest that FHA and ACT both contribute to suppress the recruitment of neutrophils and the development of an IL-17-mediated immune response. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a microbial pathogen suppressing IL-17-mediated inflammation in vivoas a strategy to evade innate immunity.