Molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in fungi

This paper reviews the current status of our understanding of azole antifungal resistance mechanisms at the molecular level and explores their implications. Extensive biochemical studies have highlighted a significant diversity in mechanisms conferring resistance to azoles, which include alterations in sterol biosynthesis, target site, uptake and efflux. In stark contrast, few examples document the molecular basis of azole resistance. Those that do refer almost exclusively to mechanisms in laboratory mutants, with the exception of the role of multi‐drug resistance proteins in clinical isolates of Candida albicans. It is clear that the technologies required to examine and define azole resistance mechanisms at the molecular level exist, but research appears distinctly lacking in this most important area.