Skin Friction following BLADE manipulation in a turbulent pipe flow

This study attempts to analyze the measured wall shear stress distribution downstream of single and tandem BLADEs in fully developed pipe flow. Previous works have indicated the adverse effect of overall drag increase with the single BLADE in both channel and pipe flows, and an even larger drag increase with the tandem BLADES. This is contrary to that observed for external boundary layer flow. Extensive comparisons are then made to the wall shear stress distribution following BLADEs in boundary layer flow, leading to the conclusion of little or no potential in the application of BLADEs alone to pipe flow.