The importance of space, time, and stochasticity to the demography and management of Alliaria petiolata.

The article presents a study on the significance of stochasticity, time, and space to Alliaria petiolata's demography and management. It states that simulation models and perturbation analyses with stochastic environments were used in predicting the probability of successful management and stochastic growth rates (λ_S) with the use of either a single biocontrol agent or two species together. Results show the misguided management in characterizing complex traits.