Modeling range dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes: invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America.

The article focuses on the explicit stochastic model which combines population and dispersal processes developed to investigate the invasion of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) in North America. It states that the model has predicted heterogenous risk of HWA invasion through time and across space. It says that differences in observed and modeled dynamics can be attributed to inability to capture direction and timing of long-distance dispersal event.