Wan Qing jindai qiye de shewai guyong.

This article is a study of foreign expatriates employed by private enterprises in late-Qing-dynasty China. The first section of the article describes discussions on the need for foreign skills and knowledge in industrial development during the second half of the 19th century. There were companies that directly and indirectly employed foreign workers. The hiring began in shipbuilding and other industries such as mining, military weapons, and industrial weaving. The second section describes other professions in which foreigners were employed. The author points out that there were three types of positions: in the management of industrial enterprises; in engineering; and in non-industrial fields such as medicine, translation, and accounting, etc. An example of a contract for a foreign worker is also included in the article.