Cong "Shi shan jiao hua" dao "jiaoyu jiuji": 20 shiji shangbanye Jing Jin shangtang shanju de zhuanxing.

This article traces the historical transformation of concepts of charity from the Ming dynasty to the Republican period, focusing on so-called charity halls in Beijing and Tianjin. The author questions the distinction between the ideology of "charity and promotion of morality" and "education and relief." In fact, the Society for Sharing Goodness (Tongshanhui), charity halls, homeless shelters, and orphanages were grounded in conservative values. By the turn of the 20th century, chastity halls for widows (Qingjie tang) became less and less ideologically driven. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s, with modernization of education, that institutions such as Tianjin's Benevolent Hall (Guangren tang) reflected a modern outlook.