Koyama Yoshiki cho “Tokugawa Gosanke tsuki karo no kenkyu”.

This article reviews a book on the Tokugawa government officials, called “karo,” who served as clan advisors to its branch families descended from the second shogun’s brothers. These officials were crucial to the branch Tokugawa clans, such that some demanded daimyo-level compensation, an indication of how the Edo government viewed branch families.