Adaptation planning of container ports in the context of typhoon risks: The case of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China.

This study conducts a comprehensive survey of the risk of typhoon to container ports by assessing the risk level of typhoons in China's major container ports, predicting their economic losses, and evaluating corresponding adaptation measures. It analyzes adaptation measures in response to typhoon impacts, with a case study of Ningbo-Zhoushan port, one of China's most representative regional ports. It identifies the inadequate supply of institutions and the absence and misbehavior of the main port stakeholders as the main cause of varying institutional imperfections in the port adaptation system. This study contributes to the development of efficient port typhoon prevention policies, reduction of economic losses and casualties, and improvement of port operational efficiency. It also fills an important research gap on climate risk and adaptation in China's container ports, with an emphasis in enhancing port resilience. • A comprehensive survey on the typhoon risks of container ports. • An analysis of adaptation measures to typhoon impacts. • An in-depth case study on Ningbo-Zhoushan port. • Pioneer attempts to fill gaps in research on climate risks and adaptation in China's container ports. • Enhance of port resilience in the post-epidemic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]