"Permanent" Contraception -- Reexamining Modern Tubal Sterilization Effectiveness.

Although tubal surgery for permanent contraception has been practiced since the 1800s, the pace of surgical innovation, the popularity of the procedure, and access to minimally invasive techniques increased in the latter half of the 20th century. In fact, recent data from the National Survey of Family Growth indicate that approximately one third of women have undergone a permanent tubal contraceptive surgery by the age of 44 years. When these procedures are performed more than 1 month from a birth, they are termed "interval procedures" and are typically performed with minimally invasive techniques, predominantly laparoscopy (or, briefly, via hysteroscopy from 2002 to 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]