The loss of forest gaps, changes of vegetation and wild bee communities from 1975 to 2020 – increasing numbers of endangered wild bee species despite negative habitat trends in the Danube valley.

This study investigated how structural changes of a historical traditionally used forest landscape in Central Europe have affected traits of vegetation and wild bee communities. We compared the extent of gaps in the forest using aerial photographs between 1945 and 2020. And we found historic vegetation and bee surveys from 1975 and 1990, which we repeated in 2010 and 2020. We characterised the vegetation of the closed forest, the forest gaps and the small-scale meadows adjacent to the forest as well as the wild bee community by traits and investigated trait changes with Kruskal-Wallis tests. By NMDS we characterised sample plots and transect walks of timepoints with traits and species. Area of forest gaps decreased by 88% from 1945 to 2020 and by 74% from 1975 to 2020. In the traits of vegetation, Ellenberg Indicator Values (EIV) for moisture and soil nutrients significantly increased in closed forest, forest gaps and meadows adjacent to forest. The EIVs for light and temperature, and the number of red list species decreased. The number of wild bee species that specialise in visiting flowers with long tubes and hylophilic species declined. The number of eremophilic species, species with longer phenologies, and recently Red list species increased. In the NMDS figure of forest gaps and of adjacent meadows, different species and traits characterised more recent and older sample plots of vegetation and confirm the results of the Kruskal Wallis tests. Wild bee communities of 2010 and 2020 were characterised by frequent species, while those of 1975 and 1990 were not characterised by any species. The traits characterised the wild bee communities of the older and younger transect walks in accordance with the results of the Kruskal Wallis tests. In addition, oligolectic bees characterised the older transect walks. The loss of forest gaps represents a direct loss of habitat for many plant and wild bee species. In addition, the qualitative changes in vegetation indicate a deterioration in habitat quality for plants of open forests and wild bees. Among wild bees, specialists were negatively affected by the changes described. These developments were reflected in the initial downward trend in Red List bee species. The increase in bee species with longer phenology, in eremophilic species, the decrease in hylophilic species, and the recent increase in red-listed species can indicate climate change. Therefore, this study underlines the importance of the preservation and development of ecologically valuable forest gaps, particularly in historical traditionally used forests with a typical species composition. [Display omitted] • loss of 88% in forest gaps from 1945 to 2020. • increase in EIV for nitrogen and moisture of vegetation from 1975 to 2020. • decrease in EIV for light, for temperature and Red List species of vegetation. • decline in specialised and hylophilic wild bee species from 1975 to 2020. • increase in eremophilic wild bee species and species with a longer phenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]