A decentralized multi-agent framework for urban flood management.

• Using the ADOPT algorithm as a conflict resolution model for urban flood management. • Grouping agents as active and passive considering their investment on flood control. • Developing some quadratic functions for simulating active agents' utilities. • Using SWMM to simulate urban flood quantity and the average flood depth. • Using stakeholder analysis and ADOPT reduces the average flood depth by 58 %. The management of water resources in urban environments is challenging due to the existence of numerous stakeholders and the large number of affected people. In this paper, agents in an urban environment are categorized as active, passive, and monitoring agents, and a new mechanism is proposed to determine the flood control motivation functions (FCMFs) of active agents. An FCMF shows the motivation of an agent for investing and participating in a flood control activity. Also, for the first time, the effectiveness of a conflict resolution model based on asynchronous distributed constraint optimization (ADOPT) is evaluated for urban flood management. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, it is applied to the eastern drainage catchment of Tehran, the capital city of Iran. The FCMFs of active stakeholders are modeled using some mathematical functions. To determine the FCMFs of active agents, an economic optimum point is suggested. This point is determined based on the construction costs of flood control infrastructures and flood damage costs. The utility functions of passive agents are modeled using a regression analysis. Flood management scenarios include a combination of water transfer canals, pipes, and ponds with real-time operating methods. ADOPT is used for solving Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs). The goal in DCOPs is to assign values to these variables in an approach that maximizes a global objective function while satisfying the constraints of each agent. The results show that by using the ADOPT-based conflict resolution model, the average depth of flooding is reduced from 24 cm to about 10 cm, and this is associated with the satisfaction of more than 90 percent of stakeholders. A decline in Average Flood Depth (AFD) has been observed with increased usage of technological methods such as constructing ponds or transferring water outside the basin. However, stakeholder desirability is critical and both technical and stakeholder interests should be taken into account to ensure project viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]