Positive end-expiratory pressure in the pediatric intensive care unit.

After reading the article, the reader will be able to: • Understand the rationale behind using positive end-expiratory pressure in ventilated patients. • Understand the potential adverse effects of positive end-expiratory pressure. • Identify key steps for individualized titration of positive end-expiratory pressure. Application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) targeted towards improving oxygenation is one of the components of the ventilatory management of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). Low end-expiratory airway pressures cause repetitive opening and closure of unstable alveoli, leading to surfactant dysfunction and parenchymal shear injury. Consequently, there is less lung volume available for tidal ventilation when there are atelectatic lung regions. This will increase lung strain in aerated lung areas to which the tidal volume is preferentially distributed. Pediatric critical care practitioners tend to use low levels of PEEP and inherently accept higher FiO 2 , but these practices may negatively affect patient outcome. The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) suggests that PEEP should be titrated to oxygenation/oxygen delivery, hemodynamics, and compliance measured under static conditions as compared to other clinical parameters or any of these parameters in isolation in patients with PARDS, while limiting plateau pressure and/or driving pressure limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]