Deep learning-based middle cerebral artery blood flow abnormality detection using flow velocity waveform derived from transcranial Doppler ultrasound.

• A deep learning-based classification system proposed in this study, where the maximum flow velocity waveform from TCD signals is used for classifying intensive care unit (ICU) patient signals. • A novel CycleGAN based maximum flow velocity waveform restoration model proposed to restore low quality maximum flow velocity signal to high quality maximum flow velocity signal. • A novel two-stream method based Self-organized Operational Neural Network (Self-ONN) architecture, DopplerNet2+ is proposed in this study for classifying healthy and ICU patient signals. Since the brain is unlike any other organ in that it cannot store energy and has a high metabolic demand, constant blood flow is essential for healthy brain function. The maximum flow velocity waveform that is produced by transcranial doppler echo ultrasonography has different qualities for a healthy subject and a critically ill patient with conditions such as intraparenchymal or subarachnoid hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, or traumatic brain injury. Depending on the degree of the injury, the symptoms of traumatic brain damage can present themselves right away or not until days or weeks later. To aid in the early and accurate detection of patients with severe brain conditions, a classification system is proposed that can distinguish between healthy control and patient utilizing the maximum flow velocity waveform derived from Transcranial doppler ultrasound. In this research, we manually labelled the data to remove mediocre and corrupted signals and pre-processed low-quality signals into high-quality ones using a Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN). This study proposes a two-stream deep learning model, DopplerNet2+, based on a Self-organized Operational Neural Network (Self-ONN), which achieves an overall accuracy, precision, recall, sensitivity, f1 score, and specificity of 99.45%, 99.45%, 99.45%, and 99.37% for the classification issue. DopplerNet2+ has a better area under the curve (AUC) of 1.00 and a better Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic of 0.996 at the 0.812 thresholds than 11 other Self-ONN models trained with different inputs. The results show that the proposed models can successfully carry out the targeted classification task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]