Small-area analysis of social inequalities in exposure to environmental noise across four urban areas in England.

• Associations between transport noise and socio-economic factors are mixed. • Each city presents different patterns of social inequalities in environmental noise. • Contextual factors of the urban area may influence the relationship. • Inequalities in transport noise depend on the noise source and indicators used. Noise from transport is a major environmental problem in urban areas. The distribution of noise in cities may be linked to socio-economic characteristics and evaluating the social distribution of noise is important for planning more equal, liveable and sustainable cities. However, to date, there is no strong base of evidence pointing towards a positive or a negative relationship between transport noise and socio-economic disadvantage. Results across studies are mixed and have mainly focused on road noise. Little information is available on other sources of noise or combined exposures. This paper examines associations between socio-economic factors and transportation noise at a small-area level in four different urban areas in England. To this end, the paper investigates associations across different city characteristics, individual and combined noise exposures (i.e. road, rail, air), different noise levels, as well as different socio-economic indicators. The results show non-homogeneous and complex patterns of socio-economic inequalities in exposure to transport-related noise across the urban areas studied. The relationships are influenced by the type of socio-economic indicator, the noise indicator, the noise source, the noise level as well as by the area's local characteristics. This highlights that inequalities in noise exposure should be considered along with other contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]