Arise, African! Roar, China!: Black Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century: Gao Yunxiang, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2021. 408 pp. $39.95 (Paper), ISBN: 9781469664606. $29.99 (Ebook), ISBN: 9781469664613.

Gao elaborates how Si-lan engaged in code-switching of her racial consciousness and identity depending upon changes in the international and domestic politics in China and in the United States. She explains how the PRC regime perceived, made, and remade the five cultural figures and underlines how Liu and Chen subtly adjusted their identities depending upon political dynamics and tensions. In chapter 3, Gao sheds light on Liu Liangmo, who popularized and translated Chinese militarist and folk music in cooperation with Paul Robeson and bound Christianity to the Communist China after 1949. [Extracted from the article]