Biosynthesis and medicinal applications of proanthocyanidins: A recent update.

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) also known as condensed tannins are present in various plant parts. The precursors of PAs are produced by phenyl propanoid pathway in the cytosol and are transported to the vacuole where they polymerize to produce PAs. In the present review, various methods of extraction and estimation of PAs along with the recent advances in biosynthesis of condensed tannins have been discussed. Furthermore, the article emphasizes upon the transportation of PAs precursors across tonoplast, along with the role of phytohormones and the effect of various light intensities. Condensed tannins have been attributed to have various therapeutic properties including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, anti-cancerous, anti-nociceptive, anti-hyperalgesic, anti-fatigue, anti-fibrotic, anti-virulence, anti-viral, and anti-helminthic and hepatoprotective as well, which have been brought together at a single platform through this review. PAs role as satiating agents, dentin biomodifiers, neuroprotective and novel functional agents has also been discussed. [Display omitted] • The estimation and extraction methods for proanthocyanidins are discussed. • The biosynthesis of condensed tannins is presented. • Recent advances in the regulation of phenyl propanoid pathway are introduced. • The therapeutic applications of proanthocyanidins are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]