Black Like Who?: African and Haitian Immigrants and Urban American Conceptions of Race.

Post-1965 immigration waves have transformed the racial and ethnic landscape of urban America. These transformed landscapes are giving rise to new understandings of racial identity and classifications as well as to ethnic conflicts within the black community. Using data from participant observation research, several issues arise from the presence of African and Haitian immigrants in working class urban communities. African immigrants and native-born blacks had numerous conflictual encounters, yet native-born whites ostensibly viewed African immigrants simply as "black." In contrast, whites in Boston often clashed with Haitians over issues of language and culture; Haitians were not "blacks" but "immigrants." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]