The Foreseeability of Law: How Many Lawyers Should it Take to Understand your Criminal Liability?

In light of recent developments this article asks whether the protections offered by art.7 of the ECHR (as currently interpreted) are sllficient in respect of the criminalisation of conduct which principally takes place abroad and the extent to which domestic maximum penalties for criminal liability can be considered properly foreseeable in light of increasing cross-jurisdictional co-operation and enforcement. In particular, it argues that there is a need to give greater consideration to the impact of extra-territorial criminalisation of non-citizens and suggests that recent cases on the international enforcement ofconfiscation orders reveal a requirement for further consideration of what constitutes an "available penalty" under art.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]