Adaptive Laboratory Evolution for algal strain improvement: methodologies and applications.

Originally developed in bacterial and fungal models, Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) experimentally selects for targeted phenotypes by allowing cells containing beneficial random genetic mutations to replicate more quickly in the presence of environmental stress. When applied to microalgae, this technique has been used to increase growth rate, stress tolerance, substrate utilization, and product yield. This review discusses ALE experimental design parameters, and summarizes key results and lessons learned from recent microalgal ALE studies. By documenting the current state of the field, we provide insight on the ways microalgal ALE might be used to develop commercially viable biotechnology strains. • Adaptive Laboratory Evolution can be successfully used to improve strain fitness. • Strains with improved growth, salt tolerance and CO 2 utilization have been reported. • Photobioreactors are being used for algal strain improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]