Sources and atmospheric processing of brown carbon and HULIS in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Insights from compositional analysis.

We present here spectroscopic compositional analysis of brown carbon (BrC) and humic-like substances (HULIS) in the Indian context under varying conditions of source emissions and atmospheric processing. To this end, we study bulk water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), neutral- and acidic-HULIS (HULIS-n and HULIS-a), and high-polarity (HP)-WSOM collected in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with respect to UV–Vis, fluorescence, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C characteristics under three aerosol regimes: photochemistry-dominated summer, aged biomass burning (BB)-dominated post-monsoon, and fresh BB-dominated winter. Absorption coefficients (b abs_365 nm ; Mm⁻¹) of WSOM and HULIS fractions increase by a factor of 2–9 during winter as compared to summer, with HULIS-n dominating total HULIS + HP-WSOM absorption (73–81%). Fluorophores in HULIS-n appear to contain near-similar levels of aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic conjugation across seasons, while HULIS-a exhibits distinctively smaller-chain structures in summer and post-monsoon. FT-IR spectra reveals, among others, strong signatures of aromatic phenols in winter WSOM suggesting a BB-related origin. ¹H NMR-based source attribution coupled with back trajectory analysis indicate the presence of secondary and BB-related organic aerosol (SOA and BBOA) in the post-monsoon and winter, and marine-derived OA (MOA) in the summer, which is supported by ¹³C measurements. Overall, these observations uncover a complex interplay of emissions and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP. Image 1 • Bulk BrC and HULIS fractions were enriched during biomass burning (BB) periods. • HULIS-n dominated (73–81%) the seasonal total HULIS + HP-WSOM absorption at 365 nm. • Polar functional groups from atmospheric photooxidation prevailed in summer. • Strong signatures of aromatic phenols were observed in BB-influenced samples. • Marine, secondary formation, and BB sources dominated seasonal organic aerosol. We use multiple spectroscopic approaches to characterize the sources and atmospheric processing of aerosol brown carbon and humic-like substances in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, India. We find that secondary formation, marine and biomass burning sources constrain seasonal organic aerosol composition and its optical properties in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]