Driving force for the swelling of montmorillonite as affected by surface charge and exchangeable cations: A molecular dynamic study.

Graphical abstract Abstract Swelling of montmorillonite (MMT) is a nonnegligible factor in many industrial processes owing to its great ability to absorb water in interlayer space. It is not easy to determine whether the exchangeable cations or the MMT layers interacts much stronger with water molecules to provide the dominant driving force for the swelling of MMT. In this work, driving force for the swelling of montmorillonite as affected by surface charge and exchangeable cations has been investigated through molecular dynamics simulations (MDs). The adsorption energy between water molecules and MMT layers and between interlayer cations and water molecules was calculated to qualitatively characterize the driving force for the swelling of MMT, and higher negative adsorption energy means greater driving force. It is found that the adsorption energy between interlayer cations and water molecules are far higher than that between MMT layers and water molecules. Thus, it is the exchangeable cations that provide the dominant driving force for MMT to swell. Besides, it is observed that interlayer cations with stronger hydration ability (Mg > Ca > Na > K) have more negative adsorption energy to water molecules, which indicates that the stronger the hydration ability of exchangeable cations the greater contribution they make to the total driving force for the swelling of MMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]