Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during haze episodes in spring 2013 in Beijing.

A continuous daily PM 2.5 sampling campaign from 10 April till 8 June 2013, including three haze episodes, was conducted in Beijing. Chemical species, including EC, OC, water-soluble ions and inorganic elements, were analysed by a thermal/optical carbon analyser, IC and ICP-MS, respectively. A comparison of air quality during such haze episodes in relation to clear air situations, as well as the differences between the haze episodes was emphasised. The results showed that the most important fractions of PM 2.5 during haze were SO 4 2− , NO 3 − and NH 4 + (namely, SNA) which together accounted for 54–61% of the total PM 2.5 mass. Estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) was also found to be increased during haze, but the relative increase compared to clear days was much lower than for SNA, leading to a decrease in relative contribution of SOC to PM 2.5 in the observed haze events. Cluster analyses from back trajectories showed four air mass clusters during spring 2013 and air flow, which was from the south-easterly directions, might favour the accumulation of PM 2.5 , especially SNA and anthropogenic elements. All these results proved that the anthropogenic air pollution in the Southeast of Beijing was responsible for the formation of hazes in Beijing during spring 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]