Pathogen Survey of Pulp and Paper Mill Biosolids Compared with Soils, Composts, and Sewage Biosolids.

Regulatory policies to manage land application of organic materials are risk based, with focus on the quality of these residuals. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) determined that limited information was available on pulp and paper biosolids (PPB) with respect to human enteric pathogens. To address this data gap, MOECC conducted an extensive survey (2005-2006) across Ontario to characterize the microbiological quality of PPB. Quantitative testing was performed for fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and enteric pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia) using matrix-validated methods. Comparative benchmark materials (soils and soil amendments) were analyzed concurrently for risk comparison. Results showed that detection rates in PPB were low, 5 to 25% for pathogens and <55% for E. coli. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Shigella were found at low frequency (6-8% of samples) and at low mean concentrations (2 most probable number g^-1 dry wt., 9 oocysts g^-1 dry wt., and 7 cells g^-1 dry wt., respectively). Giardia was more frequently observed (19% of samples), with a mean of 30 cysts g^-1 dry wt. Pathogen concentrations in PPB were generally equivalent to or higher than those in soils, composts, and pelletized sewage biosolids but significantly lower than in sewage biosolids. Escherichia coli levels exceeded standards (1000 colonyforming units g^-1 dry wt.) in one-third of samples, most often in fresh PPB rather than stored and lagoon solids. Microbial quality of PPB across all surveyed mills tended to be variable and sector-and/or site-specific but in many cases would not consistently meet Canadian federal fertilizers standards. These findings were important to inform Ontario's nutrient management regulations, supporting classification of PPB as higher pathogen risk than compost and commercial fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]