Primary Energy Factors for Different District Heating Networks: An Estonian Example.

This paper examines the variation of the PEFs for DH networks in Estonia. The Estonian average DH PEF as well as for DH networks with different configurations are calculated based on principles described in EVS-EN 15316-4-5:2007. The initial data for calculation of Estonian DH PEF is from Statistics Estonia. The calculation results are analyzed and compared with the existing DH PEF. The conclusive part consists of the observed compliance of valid PEF value and its determination principles with the definition and nature of PEFs. The main discrepancies are highlighted and analyzed. The possibilities to minimize or avoid them are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]