Black Bodies, White Borders: Mapping the Color Line Inside and Outside the United States, 1902-1916.

The article discusses the U.S. presidents Theordore Roosevelt's and Woodrow Wilson's commemorations of American soldiers who died while fighting in the Philippine American War of 1899 through 1902 and Americans invasions across the U.S.-Mexican border into Mexico in 1914 and 1916, with a particular focus on the role that race plays in the commemorations. An overview of U.S. presidents' treatment of the African American soldiers' deaths in the aforementioned conflicts is provided.