Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a northern boreal lake.

We present a data set covering three months of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and energy fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method over a northern boreal lake that collects waters from a surrounding catchment dominated by upland forest and wetlands. The data period comprises more than half of the open-water period of 2013. The 30-min averages of CO₂ fluxes ranged from -0.02 to 0.05 mg m^-2 s^-1. The monthly CO₂ balances varied from 20 to 30 g m^-2 (emission) between July and September, and decreased in October. A small daytime uptake of CO₂, probably caused by the aquatic plants growing near the measurement mast, was observed from July to September. In September, we observed a temporary enhancement of CO₂ efflux, which was attributed to both high wind speed and rapid cooling of the water and subsequent water column overturn. This peak was accompanied by a period of high sensible heat flux (SHF) from the water to the atmosphere, which is known to enhance the mixing of the water. The seasonal CO₂ flux during the open-water period from the shallow part of the lake was estimated to be 120 g m^-2 yr-1, which corresponds to a loss of approximately 25 g m^-2 yr-1 from the terrestrial part of the catchment, assuming that the observed lake CO₂ emissions result from the decomposition of the imported carbon. At midday, the net energy received by the lake was used mostly to heat the water, and only a minor part of it was converted to SHF and latent heat flux (LHF), with more energy used for the latter. While the SHF showed a clear diurnal cycle with a peak early in the morning and no flux in the afternoon, the diurnal pattern of LHF was more even, with evaporation occurring throughout the day until the freezing of the lake. Our data from this northern lake highlight the importance of thermal water mixing in the air-lake CO₂ flux dynamics and imply that this flux constitutes a significant part of the annual catchment-scale carbon budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]