Borderline personality disorder -- an overview for emergency clinicians.

The diagnosis of borderline personality disorder frequently underlies self-harm and suicidal presentations to the emergency department. Borderline pathology combined with high levels of comorbidity, stigma, and treatment uncertainty, increase the challenges of caring for someone with this diagnosis in an emergency setting. Attributes such as black-and-white thinking and splitting may compromise an already precarious situation. The maintenance of safety requires prioritisation and necessitates a practical and respectful approach, which avoids notions of attention-seeking behaviour. Clinical assessment should distinguish between self-harm and suicide attempts where possible and take into account acute on chronic risk. The emergency clinician will need to consider the degree of containment required in the emergency department and is encouraged to maintain transparency and honesty with the client regarding treatment decisions. If hospitalisation needs to be considered, clinicians should take into account immediate therapeutic benefit versus the counter-therapeutic risk of dependency and regression. Overall, it is reasonable for clinicians to aim for clients to return to their pre-crisis level of functioning, and beneficial for clinicians to approach this client group with therapeutic optimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]