Activation and dynamic network of the M2 muscarinic receptor.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to various hormones and neurotransmitters and are important targets for treating a wide spectrum of diseases. Although significant advances have been made in structural studies of GPCRs, details of their activation mechanism remain unclear. The X-ray crystal structure of the M2 muscarinic receptor, a key GPCR that regulates human heart rate and contractile forces of cardiomyocytes, was determined recently in an inactive antagonist-bound state. Here, activation of the M2 receptor is directly observed via accelerated molecular dynamics simulation, in contrast to previous microsecondtimescale conventional molecular dynamics simulations in which the receptor remained inactive. Receptor activation is characterized by formation of a Tyr206^5.58-Tyr440^7.53 hydrogen bond and ∼6-Å outward tilting of the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane a-helix 6, preceded by relocation of Trp400^6.48 toward Phe195^5.47 and Val199^5.51 and flipping of Tyr430^7.43 away from the ligand-binding cavity. Network analysis reveals that communication in the intracellular domains is greatly weakened during activation of the receptor. Together with the finding that residue motions in the ligand-binding and G-protein-coupling sites of the apo receptor are correlated, this result highlights a dynamic network for allostenc regulation of the M2 receptor activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]