Serum midkine levels are increased in patients with various types of carcinomas.

The level of expression of midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, is increased in many types of human carcinomas. An enzyme-linked immunoassay, which utilizes a combination of rabbit and chicken antibodies revealed that serum MK level in the controls (n = 135) was 0.154 ± 0.076 (mean ± SD) ng ml[SUP-1] with an apparent cut-off value as 0.5 ng ml[SUP-1]. Serum MK level was significantly elevated in the cancer patients (n = 150) (P < 0.001); 87% of the patients showed levels of more than 0.5 ng ml[SUP-1]. All ten types of cancer examined showed a similar profile of serum MK level. There was no or weak correlation between C-reactive protein level, a marker of inflammation, and serum MK level. Furthermore, in case of gastric carcinoma and lung carcinoma, patients with stage I carcinoma already showed elevated serum MK levels. The present results indicated that serum MK could serve as a general tumour marker with a good potential for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]