The French Restorations in 1814 and 1815.

INTRODUCTION Transitional justice in the restoration of monarchy has occurred several times in history. In the next chapter, I briefly summarize some salient features of the English Restoration in 1660. In this chapter, I consider in more detail transitional justice after each of the two Restorations of the French monarchy, in 1814 and in 1815, separated by the Hundred Days in which Napoleon returned to power. During the First Restoration, the Bourbons undertook limited measures of reparation, but otherwise did nothing. During the Second, they carried out vast punitive and reparative measures. To explain the dynamics of these events, I begin in Section II by considering the political constraints on transitional justice, which followed from the fact that these were negotiated transitions. In Section III I consider public and private retribution, before turning in Section IV to the issues of restitution and compensation. Section V offers a brief summary. CONSTRAINTS ON TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN THE FRENCH RESTORATIONS Transitional justice in the return of the Bourbons took place twice within a short interval of time. In this section, I explain the constraints on transitional justice that followed from the fact that in both cases, the post-Napoleonic regimes were established under the auspices of the Allied forces with some of Napoleon's leading officials serving as go-betweens. In 1814, Talleyrand, Napoleon's former Foreign Minister and at the time de facto leader of his senate, was the main mediator. In 1815, he was supplemented by Fouché, Napoleon's Chief of Police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]