The industrial connection of University science.

Technical progress is a function of bourgeois money. The functions of the faculties of science in the later nineteenth century were teaching, research, and service to agriculture, industry, and government at municipal, departmental, and national levels. An extra duty of faculties, resulting from the organization of a unified system of education and the historical connection between lycée and faculty, was their time-consuming responsibility for the baccalaureate examinations, a particularly heavy burden in large towns. The examination figures for the University of Paris in 1893–4 show the problem. Fortunately a light teaching load gave the French university scientist some time for research. Probably the most striking feature of the provincial faculties of science was the development of a system of institutes of applied science, each of which was usually headed by a leading scientist interested in regional industry and agriculture. The careers of Pasteur in Lille, Schützenberger in Mulhouse and in Paris, Haller in Nancy, Sabatier in Toulouse, and the Berthelots and Le Chatelier in Paris provide a paradigm of the activity of the academic scientist whose research was intimately connected with the economic life of the region and the nation. In developing institutes of applied science and technology the University saw itself as fulfilling a vital social function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]