OUTSOURCING AND THE VARIABILITY OF PRODUCT PERFORMANCE: DATA FROM INTERNATIONAL COURIER SERVICES.

While transaction-cost economics has considered the effect of make-or-buy decisions on expected product performance, research has not explored the effect of make-or-buy decisions on variability of product performance (i.e., reliability). We argue that firms that differentiate their products by pursuing low variability face exchange attributes for which outsourcing the corresponding performs worse than vertical integration. Nonparametric density estimation and parametric tests of variance from Japanese International Courier and Small Packages services industry data provide general support for our hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]