CO 2 Emission Comparison Between Direct and Feeder Liner Services: A Case Study of Asia–Europe Services Interfacing with the UK.

The Asia–Europe liner service often calls at a number of Europe-continent ports and one UK port. An alternative is to skip the UK port by using feeder services to reach the UK market. This article aims to quantitatively analyze the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of these two alternatives, and to identify which is preferable in different scenarios. We adopt a detailed service activity-based method to calculate the CO2 emissions for two alternatives in a range of scenarios. The study is expected to provide shipping companies with useful insight into policy merits and service route design from a CO2 emissions perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]