Manufacturing ruins: architecture and representation in post-catastrophic Warsaw.

The article focuses on architecture and representation of ruins in post-catastrophic Warsaw. The large empty spaces left over from socialist planning reflect the dullness that renders the cityscape monotone. Reinhard Zimmermann proposed three basic concepts to define the artificial ruin including the contrastive ruin, ruine that facilitate historical continuity and contrastive ruin. The contrastive ruin describes, structures including grottoes or hermitages, which that serve aesthetic purpose.