An Unexpected Alliance: Stella Atwood, the California Clubwomen, John Collier, and the Indians of the Southwest, 1917-1934.

The article discusses activism by women's clubs in California to promote reforms intended to improve social conditions for U.S. Indians. With the assistance of John Collier, former U.S. commissioner for Indian affairs, and Pueblo Indians, members of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) campaigned against assimilation-based U.S. policies regarding Indians and supported the return of lands to Indians as well as religious freedom and self-efficacy for Indian tribes. The author notes that GFWC members such as Stella Atwood investigated social problems faced by Indians and motivated Collier to promote Indian reforms.