Transient or steady-state? Using vertical temperature profiles to quantify groundwater—surface water exchange.

The article presents a study which investigates the use of one-dimensional (1D) heat transport models to measure the amount of exchange fluxes in groundwater and surface water. It states that measurement is required to preserve the water ecosystem. It cites that simulations of 1D transient heat flow were performed on Aa River in Flanders, Belgium and on Lake 77 in Lusatia, Germany. Among the methods and equipment used include seepage meters, thermal method and vertical temperature.