The Market Evaluation of Criminality: Evidence from the Auction of British Convict Labor in America, 1767-1775.

Approximately 50,000 British convicts were sentenced to servitude and forcibly transported to America between 1718 and 1775. This transatlantic market for British convict labor was a vast experiment in privatizing posttrial criminal justice. By the early eighteenth century, removal of criminals from society was seen as a more effective deterrent to recidivism than physical chastisement. Removal of noncapital offenders through mass hangings or employment as chain gangs in England was considered too barbaric and too politically risky. Removal through imprisonment was too expensive given the absence of penitentiaries designed for long-term incarceration. Thus, banishment overseas became the preferred policy. Convict transportees were given one of only three possible sentences, namely, 7 years, 14 years, or a lifetime of banishment (74, 24, and 2 percent, respectively), which in turn became the length of their servant contracts in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]