Cultural policy explicit and implicit: a distinction and some uses.

This paper develops a distinction between 'explicit' or 'nominal' cultural policies (policies that are explicitly labelled as 'cultural') and 'implicit' or 'effective' cultural policies (policies that are not labelled manifestly as 'cultural', but that work to prescribe or shape cultural attitudes and habits over given territories). It begins by defining the distinction through reference to a suggestive inconsistency located within the work of the French thinker Regis Debray. It then specifies the distinction further in relation to certain anglophone references in cultural policy studies and wider political thinking (Geoff Mulgan and Ken Worpole, Raymond Williams, Joseph Nye). Finally, it explores the history of laicity in France conceived initially in terms of a conflict between the implicit cultural policies of the Catholic Church and the republican State, as well as certain tensions implied by the realpolitik of laicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]