Changing paradigms of governance and regulation of quality of healthcare in England.

This paper outlines the way in which professional self regulation of quality of healthcare was integral to the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, and to the way the NHS was organized for the next 50 years. It describes the crisis in quality that emerged in the late 1990s. It describes the government's initial responses to that crisis, which were to require NHS organizations to implement systems of clinical governance, and create the Commission for Health Improvement (CHI) to inspect its implementation through visits to each NHS organization. The paper discusses Reports from Inquiries into three scandals, and considers the further changes made to governance and regulation of quality with the abolition of CHI and the National Care Standards Commission, which inspected the private sector, to be succeeded by the Healthcare Commission with a new approach to regulation. It examines three promises of that new approach: the use of national standards; being 'light touch' and proportionate using 'intelligent' (or 'smart') information, as opposed to being organized on a comprehensive programme of visits; and developing a common approach to the NHS and private sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]