IL-21 synergizes with IL-7 to augment expansion and anti-tumor function of cytotoxic T cells.

IL-21, a recently identified member of the common γ-chain (γc) receptor cytokine family, has been shown to be an important regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether IL-21 could synergize with another γc cytokine, IL-7, to induce enhanced proliferation and effector function of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our results showed that IL-21 could significantly augment the IL-7-induced expansion of cytotoxic T cells, possibly by preventing the cytokine-induced down-regulation of the IL-7Rα (CD127) on antigen-stimulated T cells. IL-21 also greatly enhanced the production of T_h1 and inflammatory cytokines by activated T cells, including IFN-γ, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β and IL-6. Finally, the addition of IL-21 to IL-7-cultured CTLs resulted in a considerably higher level of cytolytic activity, as measured by specific killing of tumor cells or antigen-pulsed target cells. These results suggest that IL-21 may play a cooperative role with IL-7 in modulating primary CD8+ T-cell responses and may have important implications for immunotherapy of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]