Testing biogeographical hypotheses in space and time: faunal relationships of the putative ancient Lake Egˇirdir in Asia Minor.

Aim The aims of this study are to establish a multi-locus phylogeny-based hypothesis for the biogeographical relationship of gastropods from the putative ancient Lake Egˇirdir, to test the respective null hypothesis, to estimate the timing of biogeographical events based on independent molecular clock approaches, and to interpret the data with respect to the putative ancient character of Lake Egˇirdir. Location Lake Egˇirdir, western Taurus Lake District, Turkey. Methods DNA sequences from the putatively only extant endemic taxon of Lake Egˇirdir, Falsipyrgula pfeiferi, as well as representatives of other pyrgulinid genera from Europe and western Asia are used for phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian inference. The respective null hypothesis is tested utilizing parametric bootstrapping. The timing of evolutionary events is estimated based on two independent molecular clock approaches, which involve the modelling of judicious errors associated with branch-length calculations and calibration points. Results Bayesian inference indicates a very close relationship between the Lake Egˇirdir and Ponto-Caspian taxa. Parametric bootstrapping rejects the null hypothesis that these taxa are not monophyletic ( P ≤ 0.01). The alternative hypothesis, namely monophyly of the Ponto-Caspian and Egˇirdir taxa, can therefore be accepted. The two independent molecular clock approaches show diversion times for the Ponto-Caspian/Egˇirdir taxa of 0.42 ± 0.18 and 0.43 ± 0.63 Ma. Main conclusions The present study shows that there is no close biogeographical affiliation between the probably only remaining endemic taxon of Lake Egˇirdir and taxa from central Europe or the Balkan region. Instead, there is a very close and relatively young (i.e. late Pleistocene) biogeographical relationship with the Ponto-Caspian pyrgulinids. However, fossil and comparative data from other invertebrates indicate that biogeographical connections between Lake Egˇirdir and the Ponto-Caspian region existed during various time periods, i.e. the Miocene/Pliocene, early Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene. Acknowledging the still-restricted knowledge of the evolutionary history of the lake, the data presented here do not reject the putative ancient status of Lake Egˇirdir. Future studies utilizing endemic taxa of other lakes in the region need to show whether the western Taurus Lake District represents a melting pot of Pleistocene refuge biodiversity from different regions, and whether the admixture of divergent lineages has created a genetically distinct set of taxa that would warrant the designation of the area as a unique biogeographical subregion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]