Hardness-Dependent Freshwater Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms for Cadmium in China.

Cadmium poses a significant threat to freshwater aquatic organisms and ecosystems, making it essential to establish regional freshwater quality criteria (FWQC) in China to safeguard these organisms. The toxicity database for cadmium covered 249 acute toxicity data from 52 species (seven phyla and 27 families) and 62 chronic toxicity data from 21 species (four phyla and 12 families). During short-term exposure, Morone saxatilis displayed the most sensitivity to cadmium, whereas Daphnia magna showed the most sensitivity in long-term exposure scenarios. Significant correlations were identified between water hardness and the toxicity data for cadmium, with the acute toxicity coefficient (K_ATD) at 1.0227 (n = 52, p < 0.05) and the chronic toxicity coefficient (K_CTD) at 0.4983 (n = 21, p < 0.05). With the species sensitivity distribution method, the short-term freshwater quality criteria (S-FWQC) were derived with a normal distribution as the best fit (R² 0.9793), while the long-term freshwater quality criteria (L-FWQC) were calculated using a logistic distribution as the best fit (R² 0.9686). The formulas for the S-FWQC and L-FWQC were represented as 10 (1.0227 × l g (H) − 1.5444) and 10 (0.4983 × l g (H) − 1.7549) , respectively, with water hardness serving as an independent variable. This study offers valuable insights for improving the management of cadmium to protect freshwater aquatic organisms in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]