Enhanced U-Net models with encoder and augmentation for phytoplankton segmentation.

This study comprehensively analyzes U-Net models for semantic segmentation in phytoplankton image recognition, leveraging encoders such as EfficientNet-B5, MobileNetV2, ResNet50, and ResNeXt50 and employing the Adam optimizer. The research highlights the U-Net MobileNetV2 model with optical distortion, which achieves notable test scores with 93.69% Dice, 88.14% intersection over union (IoU), 99.89% Precision, and 100% Recall, underscoring the efficacy of the applied augmentation strategies, including geometric and distortion transforms, and color and blur techniques. The U-Net ResNet50 model with mix transform consistently demonstrates high accuracy in critical metrics, outperforming others, while EfficientNet-B5 with blur suggests increased model sensitivity with improved recall. These results underscore the crucial role of encoderaugmentation synergy in model performance. Training and testing times across models have remained under 250 seconds, reflecting methodological efficiency. Overall, these results demonstrate the model's excellent performance for the semantic segmentation task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]